Why is my real-world EV range lower than the EPA estimate?

The EPA range is measured under standardized test conditions, and everyday driving often differs. Sustained highway speeds, cold or very hot weather, heavy use of heating or air conditioning, hills, strong headwinds, roof racks, larger wheels and heavy loads all use more energy. Battery aging can also reduce range slightly over time. Many drivers find city driving gets closer to or even beats the estimate because of regenerative braking. Plan for a buffer on long trips.